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深圳住房建设厅网站首页,seo是啥,市纪委网站制作武汉市作风建设,关于做网站的文章目录基本查询回顾多表查询自连接子查询单行子查询多行子查询多列子查询在from子句中使用子查询合并查询unionunion all基本查询回顾查询的员工部门表结构： mysql> show tables; ----------------- | Tables_in_scott | ----------------- | dept …

文章目录

基本查询回顾
多表查询
自连接
子查询
- 单行子查询
- 多行子查询
- 多列子查询
- 在from子句中使用子查询
- 合并查询
- - union
  - union all

基本查询回顾

查询的员工部门表结构：

mysql> show tables;
+-----------------+
| Tables_in_scott |
+-----------------+
| dept            |
| emp             |
| salgrade        |
+-----------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> desc dept;
+--------+--------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field  | Type                     | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+--------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| deptno | int(2) unsigned zerofill | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| dname  | varchar(14)              | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| loc    | varchar(13)              | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+--------+--------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> desc emp;
+----------+--------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type                     | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+--------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| empno    | int(6) unsigned zerofill | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| ename    | varchar(10)              | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job      | varchar(9)               | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| mgr      | int(4) unsigned zerofill | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| hiredate | datetime                 | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sal      | decimal(7,2)             | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| comm     | decimal(7,2)             | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| deptno   | int(2) unsigned zerofill | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+--------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> desc salgrade;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| grade | int(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| losal | int(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| hisal | int(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

查询工资高于500或岗位为MANAGER的雇员，同时还要满足他们的姓名首字母为大写的J：

mysql> select job, ename, sal from emp where (sal>500 or job='MANAGER') and ename like 'J%';
+---------+-------+---------+
| job     | ename | sal     |
+---------+-------+---------+
| MANAGER | JONES | 2975.00 |
| CLERK   | JAMES |  950.00 |
+---------+-------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

按照部门号升序而雇员的工资降序排序：

mysql> select ename, sal, deptno from emp order by deptno asc, sal desc;
+--------+---------+--------+
| ename  | sal     | deptno |
+--------+---------+--------+
| KING   | 5000.00 |     10 |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 |     10 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |     10 |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 |     20 |
| FORD   | 3000.00 |     20 |
| JONES  | 2975.00 |     20 |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 |     20 |
| SMITH  |  800.00 |     20 |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 |     30 |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 |     30 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |     30 |
| WARD   | 1250.00 |     30 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |     30 |
| JAMES  |  950.00 |     30 |
+--------+---------+--------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

使用年薪进行降序排序：

mysql> select ename, sal*12+ifnull(comm,0) year_sal from emp order by year_sal desc;
+--------+----------+
| ename  | year_sal |
+--------+----------+
| KING   | 60000.00 |
| SCOTT  | 36000.00 |
| FORD   | 36000.00 |
| JONES  | 35700.00 |
| BLAKE  | 34200.00 |
| CLARK  | 29400.00 |
| ALLEN  | 19500.00 |
| TURNER | 18000.00 |
| MARTIN | 16400.00 |
| MILLER | 15600.00 |
| WARD   | 15500.00 |
| ADAMS  | 13200.00 |
| JAMES  | 11400.00 |
| SMITH  |  9600.00 |
+--------+----------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

显示工资最高的员工的名字和工作岗位：

mysql> select ename, job from emp where sal=(select max(sal) from emp);
+-------+-----------+
| ename | job       |
+-------+-----------+
| KING  | PRESIDENT |
+-------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

显示工资高于平均工资的员工信息：

mysql> select ename, sal from emp where sal>(select avg(sal) from emp);
+-------+---------+
| ename | sal     |
+-------+---------+
| JONES | 2975.00 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 |
| CLARK | 2450.00 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 |
| KING  | 5000.00 |
| FORD  | 3000.00 |
+-------+---------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

显示每个部门的平均工资和最高工资：

mysql> select deptno, max(sal), avg(sal) from emp group by deptno;
+--------+----------+-------------+
| deptno | max(sal) | avg(sal)    |
+--------+----------+-------------+
|     10 |  5000.00 | 2916.666667 |
|     20 |  3000.00 | 2175.000000 |
|     30 |  2850.00 | 1566.666667 |
+--------+----------+-------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

显示平均工资低于2000的部门号和它的平均工资：

mysql> select deptno, avg(sal) avg_sal from emp group by deptno having avg_sal<2000;
+--------+-------------+
| deptno | avg_sal     |
+--------+-------------+
|     30 | 1566.666667 |
+--------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

显示每种岗位的雇员总数，平均工资：

mysql> select job, count(*) '雇员总数', avg(sal) '平均工资' from emp group by job;
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
| job       | 雇员总数     | 平均工资     |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
| ANALYST   |            2 |  3000.000000 |
| CLERK     |            4 |  1037.500000 |
| MANAGER   |            3 |  2758.333333 |
| PRESIDENT |            1 |  5000.000000 |
| SALESMAN  |            4 |  1400.000000 |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

多表查询

在实际中往往数据来自不同的表，所以需要多表查询。本节我们用一个简单的公司管理系统，有三张表EMP,DEPT,SALGRADE来演示如何进行多表查询：

案例：

显示雇员名、雇员工资以及所在部门的名字：

因为上面的数据来自EMP和DEPT表，因此要联合查询

在这里插入图片描述

mysql> select * from emp, dept limit 12;
+--------+-------+----------+------+---------------------+---------+--------+--------+--------+------------+----------+
| empno  | ename | job      | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm   | deptno | deptno | dname      | loc      |
+--------+-------+----------+------+---------------------+---------+--------+--------+--------+------------+----------+
| 007369 | SMITH | CLERK    | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |   NULL |     20 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 007369 | SMITH | CLERK    | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |   NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007369 | SMITH | CLERK    | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |   NULL |     20 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007369 | SMITH | CLERK    | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |   NULL |     20 |     40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON   |
| 007499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 | 300.00 |     30 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 007499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 | 300.00 |     30 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 | 300.00 |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 | 300.00 |     30 |     40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON   |
| 007521 | WARD  | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 500.00 |     30 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 007521 | WARD  | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 500.00 |     30 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007521 | WARD  | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 500.00 |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007521 | WARD  | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 500.00 |     30 |     40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON   |
+--------+-------+----------+------+---------------------+---------+--------+--------+--------+------------+----------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)

此时就需要对表的数据进行筛选，只要emp表中的deptno = dept表中的deptno字段的记录：

mysql> select ename, sal, dname from emp, dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno;
+--------+---------+------------+
| ename  | sal     | dname      |
+--------+---------+------------+
| SMITH  |  800.00 | RESEARCH   |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 | SALES      |
| WARD   | 1250.00 | SALES      |
| JONES  | 2975.00 | RESEARCH   |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 | SALES      |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 | SALES      |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 | ACCOUNTING |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 | RESEARCH   |
| KING   | 5000.00 | ACCOUNTING |
| TURNER | 1500.00 | SALES      |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 | RESEARCH   |
| JAMES  |  950.00 | SALES      |
| FORD   | 3000.00 | RESEARCH   |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | ACCOUNTING |
+--------+---------+------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

显示部门号为10的部门名，员工名和工资：

mysql> select emp.deptno, dname, ename, sal from emp, dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno and emp.deptno=10;
+--------+------------+--------+---------+
| deptno | dname      | ename  | sal     |
+--------+------------+--------+---------+
|     10 | ACCOUNTING | CLARK  | 2450.00 |
|     10 | ACCOUNTING | KING   | 5000.00 |
|     10 | ACCOUNTING | MILLER | 1300.00 |
+--------+------------+--------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

显示各个员工的姓名，工资，及工资级别：

mysql> select ename, sal, grade from emp,salgrade where sal between losal and hisal;
+--------+---------+-------+
| ename  | sal     | grade |
+--------+---------+-------+
| SMITH  |  800.00 |     1 |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 |     3 |
| WARD   | 1250.00 |     2 |
| JONES  | 2975.00 |     4 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |     2 |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 |     4 |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 |     4 |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 |     4 |
| KING   | 5000.00 |     5 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |     3 |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 |     1 |
| JAMES  |  950.00 |     1 |
| FORD   | 3000.00 |     4 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |     2 |
+--------+---------+-------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)

自连接

自连接是指在同一张表连接查询

案例：

显示员工FORD的上级领导的编号和姓名：

子查询

mysql> select empno, ename from emp where empno=(select mgr from emp where ename='FORD');
+--------+-------+
| empno  | ename |
+--------+-------+
| 007566 | JONES |
+--------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

使用多表查询（自查询）

mysql> select leader.empno, leader.ename from emp leader,emp worker where worker.mgr=leader.empno and worker.ename='FORD';
+--------+-------+
| empno  | ename |
+--------+-------+
| 007566 | JONES |
+--------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

子查询

子查询是指嵌入在其他sql语句中的select语句，也叫嵌套查询

单行子查询

返回一行记录的子查询

显示SMITH同一部门的员工：

mysql> select ename, job from emp where job=(select job from emp where ename='SMITH');
+--------+-------+
| ename  | job   |
+--------+-------+
| SMITH  | CLERK |
| ADAMS  | CLERK |
| JAMES  | CLERK |
| MILLER | CLERK |
+--------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

多行子查询

返回多行记录的子查询

in关键字：查询和10号部门的工作岗位相同的雇员的名字，岗位，工资，部门号，但是不包含10号部门：

mysql> select ename, job, sal, deptno from emp where job in(select job from emp where deptno=10);
+--------+-----------+---------+--------+
| ename  | job       | sal     | deptno |
+--------+-----------+---------+--------+
| JONES  | MANAGER   | 2975.00 |     20 |
| BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 2850.00 |     30 |
| CLARK  | MANAGER   | 2450.00 |     10 |
| KING   | PRESIDENT | 5000.00 |     10 |
| SMITH  | CLERK     |  800.00 |     20 |
| ADAMS  | CLERK     | 1100.00 |     20 |
| JAMES  | CLERK     |  950.00 |     30 |
| MILLER | CLERK     | 1300.00 |     10 |
+--------+-----------+---------+--------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

all关键字：显示工资比部门30的所有员工的工资高的员工的姓名、工资和部门号

mysql> select ename, sal, deptno from emp where sal > all(select sal from emp where deptno=30);
+-------+---------+--------+
| ename | sal     | deptno |
+-------+---------+--------+
| JONES | 2975.00 |     20 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 |     20 |
| KING  | 5000.00 |     10 |
| FORD  | 3000.00 |     20 |
+-------+---------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

any关键字：显示工资比部门30的任意员工的工资高的员工的姓名、工资和部门号

mysql> select ename, sal, deptno from emp where sal > any(select sal from emp where deptno=30);
+--------+---------+--------+
| ename  | sal     | deptno |
+--------+---------+--------+
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 |     30 |
| WARD   | 1250.00 |     30 |
| JONES  | 2975.00 |     20 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |     30 |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 |     30 |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 |     10 |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 |     20 |
| KING   | 5000.00 |     10 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |     30 |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 |     20 |
| FORD   | 3000.00 |     20 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |     10 |
+--------+---------+--------+
12 rows in set (0.01 sec)

多列子查询

单行子查询是指子查询只返回单列，单行数据。多行子查询是指返回单列多行数据，都是针对单列而言的，而多列子查询则是指查询返回多个列数据的子查询语句。

查询和SMITH的部门和岗位完全相同的所有雇员，不含SMITH本人：

mysql> select ename from emp where (deptno, job) = (select deptno, job from emp where ename='SMITH') and ename!='SMITH';
+-------+
| ename |
+-------+
| ADAMS |
+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

在from子句中使用子查询

子查询语句出现在from子句中。这里要用到数据查询的技巧，把一个子查询当做一个临时表使用。

显示每个高于自己部门平均工资的员工的姓名、部门、工资、平均工资：

mysql> select ename, emp.deptno, sal, avg_tb.avg_sal from emp, > (select deptno, avg(sal) avg_sal from emp group by deptno) avg_tb> where emp.deptno=avg_tb.deptno and emp.sal>avg_tb.avg_sal;
+-------+--------+---------+-------------+
| ename | deptno | sal     | avg_sal     |
+-------+--------+---------+-------------+
| ALLEN |     30 | 1600.00 | 1566.666667 |
| JONES |     20 | 2975.00 | 2175.000000 |
| BLAKE |     30 | 2850.00 | 1566.666667 |
| SCOTT |     20 | 3000.00 | 2175.000000 |
| KING  |     10 | 5000.00 | 2916.666667 |
| FORD  |     20 | 3000.00 | 2175.000000 |
+-------+--------+---------+-------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

查找每个部门工资最高的人的姓名、工资、部门、最高工资：

mysql> select ename, sal, emp.deptno, max_tb.max_sal from emp, >(select deptno, max(sal) max_sal from emp group by deptno) max_tb > where emp.deptno=max_tb.deptno and emp.sal=max_tb.max_sal;
+-------+---------+--------+---------+
| ename | sal     | deptno | max_sal |
+-------+---------+--------+---------+
| BLAKE | 2850.00 |     30 | 2850.00 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 |     20 | 3000.00 |
| KING  | 5000.00 |     10 | 5000.00 |
| FORD  | 3000.00 |     20 | 3000.00 |
+-------+---------+--------+---------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

显示每个部门的信息（部门名，编号，地址）和人员数量：

方法一：使用多表查询

mysql> select dept.dname, emp.deptno, dept.loc, count(*) cnt from emp, dept > where emp.deptno=dept.deptno group by dept.deptno, dept.loc, dept.dname;
+------------+--------+----------+-----+
| dname      | deptno | loc      | cnt |
+------------+--------+----------+-----+
| ACCOUNTING |     10 | NEW YORK |   3 |
| RESEARCH   |     20 | DALLAS   |   5 |
| SALES      |     30 | CHICAGO  |   6 |
+------------+--------+----------+-----+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

方法二：使用子查询

mysql> select dname, dept.deptno, loc, cnt_tb.cnt from dept, > (select emp.deptno, count(*) cnt from emp group by deptno) cnt_tb > where deept.deptno=cnt_tb.deptno;
+------------+--------+----------+-----+
| dname      | deptno | loc      | cnt |
+------------+--------+----------+-----+
| ACCOUNTING |     10 | NEW YORK |   3 |
| RESEARCH   |     20 | DALLAS   |   5 |
| SALES      |     30 | CHICAGO  |   6 |
+------------+--------+----------+-----+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

合并查询

union

该操作符用于取得两个结果集的并集。当使用该操作符时，会自动去掉结果集中的重复行。

将工资大于2500或职位是MANAGER的人找出来：

mysql> select ename, job, sal from emp where sal>2500 union select ename, job, sal from emp where job='MANAGER';
+-------+-----------+---------+
| ename | job       | sal     |
+-------+-----------+---------+
| JONES | MANAGER   | 2975.00 |
| BLAKE | MANAGER   | 2850.00 |
| SCOTT | ANALYST   | 3000.00 |
| KING  | PRESIDENT | 5000.00 |
| FORD  | ANALYST   | 3000.00 |
| CLARK | MANAGER   | 2450.00 |
+-------+-----------+---------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

union all

该操作符用于取得两个结果集的并集。当使用该操作符时，不会去掉结果集中的重复行。

将工资大于2500或职位是MANAGER的人找出来：

mysql> select ename, job, sal from emp where sal>2500 union all select ename, job, sal from emp where job='MANAGER';
+-------+-----------+---------+
| ename | job       | sal     |
+-------+-----------+---------+
| JONES | MANAGER   | 2975.00 |
| BLAKE | MANAGER   | 2850.00 |
| SCOTT | ANALYST   | 3000.00 |
| KING  | PRESIDENT | 5000.00 |
| FORD  | ANALYST   | 3000.00 |
| JONES | MANAGER   | 2975.00 |
| BLAKE | MANAGER   | 2850.00 |
| CLARK | MANAGER   | 2450.00 |
+-------+-----------+---------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)