win7做本地网站今日热搜前十名

一、核心要义

以第九章定义的二维向量为基础，定义表示多为向量的Vector类。该类将支持如下功能：

1. 基本的序列协议

2. 适当的切片支持，且返回的是新Vector实例

3.综合各个元素的值计算散列值

4.格式化展示

二、代码示例

1、前情提要

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# @Time    : 2024/2/17 13:56
# @Author  : Maple
# @File    : 00-相关背景知识.py
# @Software: PyCharmclass MySeq:def __getitem__(self, index):return indexif __name__ == '__main__':# mylist = [1,2,3,4,5,6]# print(mylist[1:5:2]) # [2, 4]# 1. 自定义序列的getitem方法中的index测试s = MySeq()## 1-1 单个索引,index返回的是整数print(s[1])## 1-2 1:4 返回的是slice(1, 4, None),其中1是序列的起始位置,4是结束位置,而且是左闭右开,即[1,4)print(s[1:4]) # slice(1, 4, None)## 1-3 1:4:2 返回的是slice(1, 4, 2),其中1是序列的起始位置,4是结束位置,2代表步长print(s[1:4:2]) # slice(1, 4, 2)## 1-4 复合切片1print(s[1:4:2,9]) # (slice(1, 4, 2), 9)#1-5 复合切片2print(s[1:4:2,7:9]) #(slice(1, 4, 2), slice(7, 9, None))# 2.slice测试"""slice是Python内置的类型"""##2-1 slice有一个indices方法, 以及start,step和stop三个数据属性print(dir(slice)) # [..'indices', 'start', 'step', 'stop']]##2-2 而indices方法主要是用于优雅地处理缺失索引和负索引,以及长度超过目标序列的切片### 2-2-1 对一个长度为5的序列,进行切片,其中起始位置缺失,结束位置为10(很显然已经超过了序列长度),步长为2### indices方法会帮忙将切片调整为 :(0, 5, 2)print(slice(None,10,2).indices(5))### 2-2-2 对一个长度为5的序列,进行切片,其中起始位置为-3,结束位置未知,步长未知### indices方法会帮忙将切片调整为 :(2, 5, 1)print(slice(-3,None,None).indices(5))# 3. 格式化测试name = 'maple'age = 18print('{name!r} and {age!r}'.format(name= name,age= age)) # 'maple' and 18print('{!r} and {!r}'.format(name,age)) # 'maple' and 18,不能使用关键字参数传递print('{name!r} and {!r}'.format(age,name=name))  # 'maple' and 18,positional argument要放在前面

2、Vector类的改造

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# @Time    : 2024/2/17 14:19
# @Author  : Maple
# @File    : 01-Vector类的改造.py
# @Software: PyCharm"""相对于第9章的Vector类-构造方法是传入形如(1,2)这样的二元元组本章的Vector类
-(1)首先是可以接收任意多个参数
-(2)构造方法传入的是可迭代的对象
"""
import math
import reprlib
from array import arrayclass Vector:typecode = 'd'def __init__(self,components):self._components = array(self.typecode,components)def __repr__(self):# 返回的components是str类型components = reprlib.repr(self._components)components =  components[components.find('['):-1]return 'Vector({})'.format(components)def __str__(self):return str(tuple(self))def __iter__(self):return iter(self._components)def __bytes__(self):return (bytes([ord(self.typecode)]) + bytes(self._components))def __eq__(self, other):return tuple(self) == tuple(other)def __bool__(self):return bool(abs(self))def __abs__(self):return math.sqrt(sum(x * x for x in self._components))@classmethoddef frombytes(cls,octets):typecode = chr(octets[0])memv = memoryview(octets[1:]).cast(typecode)return cls(memv)if __name__ == '__main__':v = Vector([1,2,3,4])print('*******1. repr测试*****************')# 1. repr测试 ：如果没有定义str方法,print(v)会调用__repr__方法print(v) # Vector([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0])# 2.str测试print('*******2. str测试*****************')print(v) # (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0)# 3.相等性测试print('*******3.相等性测试*****************')v2 = Vector([1,2,3,4])print(v is v2) # False,不同的对象print(v == v2) # False,值相等# 4.迭代测试print('*******4.迭代测试****************')for i in v:"""1.02.03.04.0
"""print(i)# 5.模长(abs)测试print('*******5.模长(abs)测试****************')print(abs(v)) # 5.477225575051661# 6. bytes测试print('*******6. bytes测试****************')print(bytes(v)) # b'd\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xf0?\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00@\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x08@\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x10@#7. frombytes测试print('*******7. frombytes测试****************')v_byte = bytes(v)v_clone = Vector.frombytes(v_byte)print(v ==v_clone)# 8. 切片测试: 未实现getitem方法,无法使用切片print(v[1:3]) # TypeError: 'Vector' object is not subscriptable

3、Vector类切片功能实现

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# @Time    : 2024/2/17 14:57
# @Author  : Maple
# @File    : 02-Vector类切片功能实现.py
# @Software: PyCharm#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# @Time    : 2024/2/17 14:19
# @Author  : Maple
# @File    : 01-Vector类的改造.py
# @Software: PyCharm"""相对于第9章的Vector类-构造方法是传入形如(1,2)这样的二元元组本章的Vector类
-(1)首先是可以接收任意多个参数
-(2)构造方法传入的是可迭代的对象
"""
import math
import numbers
import reprlib
from array import arrayclass Vector:"""切片返回数组"""typecode = 'd'def __init__(self,components):self._components = array(self.typecode,components)def __repr__(self):# 返回的components是str类型components = reprlib.repr(self._components)components =  components[components.find('['):-1]return 'Vector({})'.format(components)def __str__(self):return str(tuple(self))def __iter__(self):return iter(self._components)def __bytes__(self):return (bytes([ord(self.typecode)]) + bytes(self._components))def __eq__(self, other):return tuple(self) == tuple(other)def __bool__(self):return bool(abs(self))def __abs__(self):return math.sqrt(sum(x * x for x in self._components))@classmethoddef frombytes(cls,octets):typecode = chr(octets[0])memv = memoryview(octets[1:]).cast(typecode)return cls(memv)def __len__(self):return len(self._components)def __getitem__(self, index):# index是一个slice类型数据,返回数组return self._components[index]class Vector2:"""切片仍然返回Vector类型数据"""typecode = 'd'def __init__(self,components):self._components = array(self.typecode,components)def __repr__(self):# 返回的components是str类型components = reprlib.repr(self._components)components =  components[components.find('['):-1]return 'Vector({})'.format(components)def __str__(self):return str(tuple(self))def __iter__(self):return iter(self._components)def __bytes__(self):return (bytes([ord(self.typecode)]) + bytes(self._components))def __eq__(self, other):return tuple(self) == tuple(other)def __bool__(self):return bool(abs(self))def __abs__(self):return math.sqrt(sum(x * x for x in self._components))@classmethoddef frombytes(cls,octets):typecode = chr(octets[0])memv = memoryview(octets[1:]).cast(typecode)return cls(memv)def __len__(self):return len(self._components)def __getitem__(self, index):cls = type(self)if isinstance(index,slice):return cls(self._components[index])elif isinstance(index,numbers.Integral):return self._components[index]else:msg = '{cls.__name__} indices must be integers'return TypeError(msg.format(cls = cls))if __name__ == '__main__':v = Vector([1,2,3,4,5])# 1. 切片测试：返回的是数组print(v[1])  # 2.0print(v[1:3]) # array('d', [2.0, 3.0])print(v[1:5:2]) # array('d', [2.0, 4.0])# slice(1,5,2)print(v[-4:10:2]) # array('d', [2.0, 4.0])# 2. 切片测试：返回的是Vector类型数据v2 = Vector2([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])print(v2[1])  # 2.0print(v2[1:3])  # (2.0, 3.0)print(v2[1:5:2])  # (2.0, 4.0)print(v2[1.0]) # Vector2 indices must be integers

4、Vector类动态存取属性

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# @Time    : 2024/2/17 15:10
# @Author  : Maple
# @File    : 03-Vector类动态存取属性.py
# @Software: PyCharm
import numbers
import reprlib
from array import arrayclass Vector:"""实现能够通过单个变量访问前几个分量,比如 v.x,v.y等实现方式: getattr方法"""typecode = 'd'shortcut_names = 'xyzt'def __init__(self,components):self._components = array(self.typecode,components)def __repr__(self):# 返回的components是str类型components = reprlib.repr(self._components)components =  components[components.find('['):-1]return 'Vector({})'.format(components)def __str__(self):return str(tuple(self))def __iter__(self):return iter(self._components)def __bytes__(self):return (bytes([ord(self.typecode)]) + bytes(self._components))def __eq__(self, other):return tuple(self) == tuple(other)def __bool__(self):return bool(abs(self))def __abs__(self):return math.sqrt(sum(x * x for x in self._components))@classmethoddef frombytes(cls,octets):typecode = chr(octets[0])memv = memoryview(octets[1:]).cast(typecode)return cls(memv)def __len__(self):return len(self._components)def __getitem__(self, index):cls = type(self)if isinstance(index,slice):return cls(self._components[index])elif isinstance(index,numbers.Integral):return self._components[index]else:msg = '{cls.__name__} indices must be integers'return TypeError(msg.format(cls = cls))def __getattr__(self, item):# 只有当v.x实例不存在x属性时,才会调用getattrcls = type(self)if len(item) == 1:position = cls.shortcut_names.find(item)if 0 <= position < len(self._components):return self._components[position]msg = '{.__name__!r} object has not attribute {!r}'raise AttributeError(msg.format(cls,item))class Vector2:"""实现能够通过单个变量访问前几个分量,比如 v.x,v.y等实现方式: getattr方法"""typecode = 'd'shortcut_names = 'xyzt'def __init__(self, components):self._components = array(self.typecode, components)def __repr__(self):# 返回的components是str类型components = reprlib.repr(self._components)components = components[components.find('['):-1]return 'Vector({})'.format(components)def __str__(self):return str(tuple(self))def __iter__(self):return iter(self._components)def __bytes__(self):return (bytes([ord(self.typecode)]) + bytes(self._components))def __eq__(self, other):return tuple(self) == tuple(other)def __bool__(self):return bool(abs(self))def __abs__(self):return math.sqrt(sum(x * x for x in self._components))@classmethoddef frombytes(cls, octets):typecode = chr(octets[0])memv = memoryview(octets[1:]).cast(typecode)return cls(memv)def __len__(self):return len(self._components)def __getitem__(self, index):cls = type(self)if isinstance(index, slice):return cls(self._components[index])elif isinstance(index, numbers.Integral):return self._components[index]else:msg = '{cls.__name__} indices must be integers'return TypeError(msg.format(cls=cls))def __getattr__(self, item):# 只有当v.x实例不存在x属性时,才会调用getattrcls = type(self)if len(item) == 1:position = cls.shortcut_names.find(item)if 0 <= position < len(self._components):return self._components[position]msg = '{.__name__!r} object has not attribute {!r}'raise AttributeError(msg.format(cls, item))def __setattr__(self, name, value):cls = type(self)if len(name) == 1:# 限制修改'xyzt'单字母属性值if name in cls.shortcut_names:error = 'readonly attribute {attr_name!r}'elif name.islower():# 限制修改单字母(a-z)的属性值error = "can't set attributes 'a' to 'z' in {cls_name}!r"else:error = ''if error:msg = error.format(cls_name=cls, attr_name=name)raise AttributeError(msg)# 允许修改名字为其它值的属性super().__setattr__(name, value)if __name__ == '__main__':# 1.未设置setattr方法时的测试v = Vector([1,2,3,4,5])print(v.x) # 1.0# print(v.q) #  'Vector' object has not attribute 'q'v.x = 10# 当设置了v.x = 10之后,相当于给v实例新增了属性x(self.x = x),之后再访问v.x,不会走getattr方法,而是直接访问实例v的属性x的值print(v.x) # 10# 但是v的第一个分量值仍然为1.0,并没有发生变化(也正常,毕竟getattr方法也没有修改_components的值)# 但是上述两条结果时矛盾的：v.x(本意是对应实例v的第一个分量)的值发生了变化,但是通过直接访问v-的第一个分量值却又没有发生变化# 为了避免上述矛盾，可以通过setattr方法，限制修改`单字母`属性的值print(v) # (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0)# 2. 设置setattr方法时的测试print('*********2. 设置setattr方法时的测试************')v2 = Vector2([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])print(v2.x)## 2-1  尝试修改v2.x的值#v2.x = 10 # AttributeError: readonly attribute 'x'## 2-2 尝试修改[a-z]之间某个单值属性的值#v2.a = 100 # AttributeError: can't set attributes 'a' to 'z' in <class '__main__.Vector2'>!r## 2-3 尝试修改名字为其它值的属性v2.name = 'Maple'# 修改成功print(v2.name) # Maple# 3.散列测试v3 = Vector2([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])v4 = Vector2([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])# 未实现hash方法，不能散列化set([v3,v4]) #TypeError: unhashable type: 'Vector2'

5、Vector类实现散列化

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# @Time    : 2024/2/17 17:26
# @Author  : Maple
# @File    : 04-Vector类实现散列化.py
# @Software: PyCharmimport  functools
import numbers
import operator
import reprlib
from array import array"""
实现__eq__(已实现,为提升效率，改写以下)和__hash__
"""class Vector:typecode = 'd'shortcut_names = 'xyzt'def __init__(self, components):self._components = array(self.typecode, components)def __repr__(self):# 返回的components是str类型components = reprlib.repr(self._components)components = components[components.find('['):-1]return 'Vector({})'.format(components)def __str__(self):return str(tuple(self))def __iter__(self):return iter(self._components)def __bytes__(self):return (bytes([ord(self.typecode)]) + bytes(self._components))def __bool__(self):return bool(abs(self))def __abs__(self):return math.sqrt(sum(x * x for x in self._components))@classmethoddef frombytes(cls, octets):typecode = chr(octets[0])memv = memoryview(octets[1:]).cast(typecode)return cls(memv)def __len__(self):return len(self._components)def __getitem__(self, index):cls = type(self)if isinstance(index, slice):return cls(self._components[index])elif isinstance(index, numbers.Integral):return self._components[index]else:msg = '{cls.__name__} indices must be integers'return TypeError(msg.format(cls=cls))def __getattr__(self, item):# 只有当v.x实例不存在x属性时,才会调用getattrcls = type(self)if len(item) == 1:position = cls.shortcut_names.find(item)if 0 <= position < len(self._components):return self._components[position]msg = '{.__name__!r} object has not attribute {!r}'raise AttributeError(msg.format(cls, item))def __setattr__(self, name, value):cls = type(self)if len(name) == 1:# 限制修改'xyzt'单字母属性值if name in cls.shortcut_names:error = 'readonly attribute {attr_name!r}'elif name.islower():# 限制修改单字母(a-z)的属性值error = "can't set attributes 'a' to 'z' in {cls_name}!r"else:error = ''if error:msg = error.format(cls_name=cls, attr_name=name)raise AttributeError(msg)# 允许修改名字为其它值的属性super().__setattr__(name, value)def __eq__(self, other):# 如果分量太多,下面这种方式效率太低# return tuple(self) == tuple(other)if len(self) != len(other):return Falsefor x, y in zip(self, other):if x != y:return Falsereturn Truedef __hash__(self):# 生成一个迭代器hashes = (hash(x) for x in self._components)return functools.reduce(operator.xor, hashes, 0)# 等价于下面的写法# return functools.reduce(lambda x,y : x *y ,hashes,0)if __name__ == '__main__':v1 = Vector([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])v2 = Vector([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])print(set([v1, v2]))  # {Vector([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0])}

6、Vector类格式化

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# @Time    : 2024/2/17 17:38
# @Author  : Maple
# @File    : 05-Vector类格式化.py
# @Software: PyCharmimport  functools
import itertools
import math
import numbers
import operator
import reprlib
from array import arrayclass Vector:typecode = 'd'shortcut_names = 'xyzt'def __init__(self, components):self._components = array(self.typecode, components)def __repr__(self):# 返回的components是str类型components = reprlib.repr(self._components)components = components[components.find('['):-1]return 'Vector({})'.format(components)def __str__(self):return str(tuple(self))def __iter__(self):return iter(self._components)def __bytes__(self):return (bytes([ord(self.typecode)]) + bytes(self._components))def __bool__(self):return bool(abs(self))def __abs__(self):return math.sqrt(sum(x * x for x in self._components))@classmethoddef frombytes(cls, octets):typecode = chr(octets[0])memv = memoryview(octets[1:]).cast(typecode)return cls(memv)def __len__(self):return len(self._components)def __getitem__(self, index):cls = type(self)if isinstance(index, slice):return cls(self._components[index])elif isinstance(index, numbers.Integral):return self._components[index]else:msg = '{cls.__name__} indices must be integers'return TypeError(msg.format(cls=cls))def __getattr__(self, item):# 只有当v.x实例不存在x属性时,才会调用getattrcls = type(self)if len(item) == 1:position = cls.shortcut_names.find(item)if 0 <= position < len(self._components):return self._components[position]msg = '{.__name__!r} object has not attribute {!r}'raise AttributeError(msg.format(cls, item))def __setattr__(self, name, value):cls = type(self)if len(name) == 1:# 限制修改'xyzt'单字母属性值if name in cls.shortcut_names:error = 'readonly attribute {attr_name!r}'elif name.islower():# 限制修改单字母(a-z)的属性值error = "can't set attributes 'a' to 'z' in {cls_name}!r"else:error = ''if error:msg = error.format(cls_name=cls, attr_name=name)raise AttributeError(msg)# 允许修改名字为其它值的属性super().__setattr__(name, value)def __eq__(self, other):# 如果分量太多,下面这种方式效率太低# return tuple(self) == tuple(other)if len(self) != len(other):return Falsefor x, y in zip(self, other):if x != y:return Falsereturn Truedef __hash__(self):# 生成一个迭代器hashes = (hash(x) for x in self._components)return functools.reduce(operator.xor, hashes, 0)# 等价于下面的写法# return functools.reduce(lambda x,y : x *y ,hashes,0)# 计算n维球体的某个角坐标def angle(self,n):r = math.sqrt(sum(x * x for x in self[n:]))a = math.atan2(r,self[n-1])if (n == len(self) - 1) and (self[-1] < 0):return math.pi * 2 - 1else:return adef angles(self):return (self.angle(n) for n in range(1,len(self)))def __format__(self, fmt_spec):if fmt_spec.endswith('h'): # 超球面体fmt_spec = fmt_spec[:-1]coords = itertools.chain([abs(self)],self.angles())outer_format = '<{}>'else:coords = selfouter_format = '({})'components = (format(c,fmt_spec) for c in coords)return outer_format.format(', '.join(components))if __name__ == '__main__':# 格式化输出测试v1 = Vector([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])# 球面极坐标输出print(format(v1,'.2fh')) # <7.42, 1.44, 1.30, 1.13, 0.90># 其它正常格式输出print(format(v1,'.2f')) # (1.00, 2.00, 3.00, 4.00, 5.00)print(format(v1,'.2e')) #(1.00e+00, 2.00e+00, 3.00e+00, 4.00e+00, 5.00e+00)