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前言

在深度学习领域，尤其是目标检测任务中，数据集的质量直接影响模型的性能。为了提升模型的鲁棒性和对各种场景的适应能力，数据增强技术被广泛应用于图像数据集处理。旋转角度是常见的数据增强方法，通过对图像及其对应的标签（边界框）进行同步旋转，可以有效地增加模型对不同方向目标的识别能力。然而，在进行旋转变换时，除了图像本身需要旋转外，与之对应的标签（边界框）也需要进行同步更新。否则，标签位置的偏差将导致模型训练出现误差，甚至无法正确识别目标。

本篇文章将介绍如何在目标检测数据集中的图像和标签（边界框）同步旋转（仍为矩形）。通过同步旋转图像和标签，能够确保数据增强过程中图像与标签的一致性，从而提高模型训练的效果和准确性。

效果如图，倾斜旋转。

代码

import os
import cv2
import math
import shutil
import numpy as np
from lxml import etree, objectifyclass ImageXMLProcessor:def __init__(self, input_img_folder, input_xml_folder, output_img_folder, output_xml_folder, rotation_angle=5, scale=1):self.input_img_folder = input_img_folderself.input_xml_folder = input_xml_folderself.output_img_folder = output_img_folderself.output_xml_folder = output_xml_folderself.rotation_angle = rotation_angleself.scale = scaleos.makedirs(self.output_img_folder, exist_ok=True)os.makedirs(self.output_xml_folder, exist_ok=True)def rotate_img_bbox(self, img, bboxes, angle=5, scale=1.):w = img.shape[1]h = img.shape[0]rangle = np.deg2rad(angle)nw = (abs(np.sin(rangle) * h) + abs(np.cos(rangle) * w)) * scalenh = (abs(np.cos(rangle) * h) + abs(np.sin(rangle) * w)) * scalerot_mat = cv2.getRotationMatrix2D((nw * 0.5, nh * 0.5), angle, scale)rot_move = np.dot(rot_mat, np.array([(nw - w) * 0.5, (nh - h) * 0.5, 0]))rot_mat[0, 2] += rot_move[0]rot_mat[1, 2] += rot_move[1]rot_img = cv2.warpAffine(img, rot_mat, (int(math.ceil(nw)), int(math.ceil(nh))), flags=cv2.INTER_LANCZOS4)rot_bboxes = list()for bbox in bboxes:xmin = bbox[0]ymin = bbox[1]xmax = bbox[2]ymax = bbox[3]point1 = np.dot(rot_mat, np.array([(xmin + xmax) / 2, ymin, 1]))point2 = np.dot(rot_mat, np.array([xmax, (ymin + ymax) / 2, 1]))point3 = np.dot(rot_mat, np.array([(xmin + xmax) / 2, ymax, 1]))point4 = np.dot(rot_mat, np.array([xmin, (ymin + ymax) / 2, 1]))concat = np.vstack((point1, point2, point3, point4))concat = concat.astype(np.int32)rx, ry, rw, rh = cv2.boundingRect(concat)rx_min = rxry_min = ryrx_max = rx + rwry_max = ry + rhrot_bboxes.append([rx_min, ry_min, rx_max, ry_max])return rot_img, rot_bboxesdef save_xml(self, file_name, save_folder, img_info, height, width, channel, bboxs_info):folder_name, img_name = img_info  # 得到图片的信息E = objectify.ElementMaker(annotate=False)# 创建 XML 树结构anno_tree = E.annotation(E.folder(folder_name),E.filename(img_name),E.path(os.path.join(folder_name, img_name)),E.source(E.database('Unknown'),),E.size(E.width(width),E.height(height),E.depth(channel)),E.segmented(0),)labels, bboxs = bboxs_info  # 得到边框和标签信息for label, box in zip(labels, bboxs):anno_tree.append(E.object(E.name(label),E.pose('Unspecified'),E.truncated('0'),E.difficult('0'),E.bndbox(E.xmin(box[0]),E.ymin(box[1]),E.xmax(box[2]),E.ymax(box[3]))))os.makedirs(save_folder, exist_ok=True)file_path = os.path.join(save_folder, file_name)etree.ElementTree(anno_tree).write(file_path, pretty_print=True, xml_declaration=True, encoding="UTF-8")print(f"XML 文件已保存到: {file_path}")def update_bboxes_in_xml(self, xml_path, bboxes):tree = etree.parse(xml_path)root = tree.getroot()# 找到所有的 <object> 元素并更新对应的 <bndbox> 坐标obj_elements = root.findall("object")for idx, object_element in enumerate(obj_elements):# 获取原始的 bndboxbndbox_element = object_element.find("bndbox")if bndbox_element is not None:# 只有当 bbox 存在时才更新xmin_element = bndbox_element.find("xmin")ymin_element = bndbox_element.find("ymin")xmax_element = bndbox_element.find("xmax")ymax_element = bndbox_element.find("ymax")# 更新坐标if idx < len(bboxes):bbox = bboxes[idx]xmin_element.text = str(bbox[0])ymin_element.text = str(bbox[1])xmax_element.text = str(bbox[2])ymax_element.text = str(bbox[3])# 保存更新后的 XML 文件tree.write(xml_path, pretty_print=True, xml_declaration=True, encoding="UTF-8")print(f"XML 文件已更新并保存到: {xml_path}")def process(self):# 遍历输入文件夹中的所有图片和XML文件for img_file in os.listdir(self.input_img_folder):if img_file.endswith('.jpg') or img_file.endswith('.png'):  # 支持jpg/png格式# 获取对应的XML文件xml_file = os.path.splitext(img_file)[0] + '.xml'img_path = os.path.join(self.input_img_folder, img_file)xml_path = os.path.join(self.input_xml_folder, xml_file)if os.path.exists(xml_path):shutil.copy(xml_path, self.output_xml_folder)img = cv2.imread(img_path)height, width, channel = img.shapetree = etree.parse(xml_path)root = tree.getroot()labels = []bboxes = []for obj in root.findall('object'):label = obj.find('name').textxmin = int(obj.find('bndbox/xmin').text)ymin = int(obj.find('bndbox/ymin').text)xmax = int(obj.find('bndbox/xmax').text)ymax = int(obj.find('bndbox/ymax').text)labels.append(label)bboxes.append([xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax])rotated_img, rotated_bboxes = self.rotate_img_bbox(img, bboxes, self.rotation_angle, self.scale)output_img_path = os.path.join(self.output_img_folder, img_file)cv2.imwrite(output_img_path, rotated_img)output_xml_path = os.path.join(self.output_xml_folder, xml_file)self.save_xml(xml_file, self.output_xml_folder, ('folder_name', img_file), height, width, channel, (labels, rotated_bboxes))else:print(f"XML 文件不存在: {xml_path}")if __name__ == "__main__":input_img_folder = r"E:\data\x1"  # 输入图片文件夹input_xml_folder = r"E:\data\x2"  # 输入 XML 文件夹output_img_folder = r"E:\data\y1"  # 输出图片文件夹output_xml_folder = r"E:\data\y2"  # 输出 XML 文件夹rotation_angle = 5  # 旋转角度scale = 1 #图片尺寸，默认为1processor = ImageXMLProcessor(input_img_folder, input_xml_folder, output_img_folder, output_xml_folder, rotation_angle, scale)processor.process()