学校网站 网站建设,微官网建设公司排行,如何管理wordpress网站模板下载,龙岩天宫山天气预报六十一、ROT13 密码 原文#xff1a;http://inventwithpython.com/bigbookpython/project61.html ROT13 密码是最简单的加密算法之一#xff0c;代表“旋转 13 个空格”密码将字母A到Z表示为数字 0 到 25#xff0c;加密后的字母距离明文字母 13 个空格#xff1a; A变成Nhttp://inventwithpython.com/bigbookpython/project61.html ROT13 密码是最简单的加密算法之一代表“旋转 13 个空格”密码将字母A到Z表示为数字 0 到 25加密后的字母距离明文字母 13 个空格 A变成NB变成O以此类推。加密过程和解密过程是一样的这使得编程变得很简单。然而加密也很容易被破解。正因为如此你会经常发现 ROT13 被用来隐藏非敏感信息如剧透或琐事答案所以它不会被无意中读取。更多关于 ROT13 密码的信息可以在en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROT13找到。如果你想更一般地了解密码和密码破解你可以阅读我的书《Python 密码破解指南》NoStarch 出版社2018。
运行示例
当您运行rot13cipher.py时输出将如下所示
ROT13 Cipher, by Al Sweigart emailprotectedEnter a message to encrypt/decrypt (or QUIT):Meet me by the rose bushes tonight.
The translated message is:
Zrrg zr ol gur ebfr ohfurf gbavtug.(Copied to clipboard.)
Enter a message to encrypt/decrypt (or QUIT):
--snip--工作原理
ROT13 与项目 6“凯撒密码”共享大量代码尽管它要简单得多因为它总是使用密钥 13。因为相同的代码执行加密和解密第 27 到 39 行所以没有必要询问玩家他们想要使用哪种模式。
一个不同之处是这个程序保持原始消息的大小写而不是自动将消息转换为大写。例如HELLO加密为URYYB而Hello加密为Uryyb。
ROT13 Cipher, by Al Sweigart emailprotected
The simplest shift cipher for encrypting and decrypting text.
More info at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROT13
This code is available at https://nostarch.com/big-book-small-python-programming
Tags: tiny, cryptographytry:import pyperclip # pyperclip copies text to the clipboard.
except ImportError:pass # If pyperclip is not installed, do nothing. Its no big deal.# Set up the constants:
UPPER_LETTERS ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
LOWER_LETTERS abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzprint(ROT13 Cipher, by Al Sweigart emailprotected)
print()while True: # Main program loop.print(Enter a message to encrypt/decrypt (or QUIT):)message input( )if message.upper() QUIT:break # Break out of the main program loop.# Rotate the letters in message by 13 characters.translated for character in message:if character.isupper():# Concatenate uppercase translated character.transCharIndex (UPPER_LETTERS.find(character) 13) % 26translated UPPER_LETTERS[transCharIndex]elif character.islower():# Concatenate lowercase translated character.transCharIndex (LOWER_LETTERS.find(character) 13) % 26translated LOWER_LETTERS[transCharIndex]else:# Concatenate the character untranslated.translated character# Display the translation:print(The translated message is:)print(translated)print()try:# Copy the translation to the clipboard:pyperclip.copy(translated)print((Copied to clipboard.))except:pass 探索程序
试着找出下列问题的答案。尝试对代码进行一些修改然后重新运行程序看看这些修改有什么影响。
如果把第 29 行的character.isupper()改成character.islower()会怎么样如果把第 43 行的print(translated)改成print(message)会怎么样
六十二、旋转立方体 原文http://inventwithpython.com/bigbookpython/project62.html 这个项目的特点是使用三角函数的 3D 立方体旋转动画。您可以在自己的动画程序中修改 3D 点旋转数学和line()函数。
虽然我们将用来绘制立方体的块文本字符看起来不像细而直的线但这种绘制被称为线框模型因为它只渲染物体表面的边缘。图 62-1 显示了立方体和 icosphere 的线框模型icosphere 是一个由三角形组成的粗糙球体。 立方体左和 icosphere右的线框模型
运行示例
图 62-2 显示了运行rotatingcube.py时的输出。 :程序绘制到屏幕上的线框立方体
工作原理
这个算法有两个主要部分函数line()和函数rotatePoint()。立方体有八个点每个角一个。程序将这些角存储为CUBE_CORNERS列表中的(x, y, z)元组。这些点也定义了立方体边缘线的连接。当所有的点都向同一个方向旋转相同的量时它们会产生立方体旋转的错觉。
Rotating Cube, by Al Sweigart emailprotected
A rotating cube animation. Press Ctrl-C to stop.
This code is available at https://nostarch.com/big-book-small-python-programming
Tags: large, artistic, math# This program MUST be run in a Terminal/Command Prompt window.import math, time, sys, os# Set up the constants:
PAUSE_AMOUNT 0.1 # Pause length of one-tenth of a second.
WIDTH, HEIGHT 80, 24
SCALEX (WIDTH - 4) // 8
SCALEY (HEIGHT - 4) // 8
# Text cells are twice as tall as they are wide, so set scaley:
SCALEY * 2
TRANSLATEX (WIDTH - 4) // 2
TRANSLATEY (HEIGHT - 4) // 2# (!) Try changing this to # or * or some other character:
LINE_CHAR chr(9608) # Character 9608 is a solid block.# (!) Try setting two of these values to zero to rotate the cube only
# along a single axis:
X_ROTATE_SPEED 0.03
Y_ROTATE_SPEED 0.08
Z_ROTATE_SPEED 0.13# This program stores XYZ coordinates in lists, with the X coordinate
# at index 0, Y at 1, and Z at 2\. These constants make our code more
# readable when accessing the coordinates in these lists.
X 0
Y 1
Z 2def line(x1, y1, x2, y2):Returns a list of points in a line between the given points.Uses the Bresenham line algorithm. More info at:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bresenham%27s_line_algorithmpoints [] # Contains the points of the line.# Steep means the slope of the line is greater than 45 degrees or# less than -45 degrees:# Check for the special case where the start and end points are# certain neighbors, which this function doesnt handle correctly,# and return a hard coded list instead:if (x1 x2 and y1 y2 1) or (y1 y2 and x1 x2 1):return [(x1, y1), (x2, y2)]isSteep abs(y2 - y1) abs(x2 - x1)if isSteep:# This algorithm only handles non-steep lines, so lets change# the slope to non-steep and change it back later.x1, y1 y1, x1 # Swap x1 and y1x2, y2 y2, x2 # Swap x2 and y2isReversed x1 x2 # True if the line goes right-to-left.if isReversed: # Get the points on the line going right-to-left.x1, x2 x2, x1 # Swap x1 and x2y1, y2 y2, y1 # Swap y1 and y2deltax x2 - x1deltay abs(y2 - y1)extray int(deltax / 2)currenty y2if y1 y2:ydirection 1else:ydirection -1# Calculate the y for every x in this line:for currentx in range(x2, x1 - 1, -1):if isSteep:points.append((currenty, currentx))else:points.append((currentx, currenty))extray - deltayif extray 0: # Only change y once extray 0.currenty - ydirectionextray deltaxelse: # Get the points on the line going left to right.deltax x2 - x1deltay abs(y2 - y1)extray int(deltax / 2)currenty y1if y1 y2:ydirection 1else:ydirection -1# Calculate the y for every x in this line:for currentx in range(x1, x2 1):if isSteep:points.append((currenty, currentx))else:points.append((currentx, currenty))extray - deltayif extray 0: # Only change y once extray 0.currenty ydirectionextray deltaxreturn pointsdef rotatePoint(x, y, z, ax, ay, az):Returns an (x, y, z) tuple of the x, y, z arguments rotated.The rotation happens around the 0, 0, 0 origin by anglesax, ay, az (in radians).Directions of each axis:-y|-- x/z# Rotate around x axis:rotatedX xrotatedY (y * math.cos(ax)) - (z * math.sin(ax))rotatedZ (y * math.sin(ax)) (z * math.cos(ax))x, y, z rotatedX, rotatedY, rotatedZ# Rotate around y axis:rotatedX (z * math.sin(ay)) (x * math.cos(ay))rotatedY yrotatedZ (z * math.cos(ay)) - (x * math.sin(ay))x, y, z rotatedX, rotatedY, rotatedZ# Rotate around z axis:rotatedX (x * math.cos(az)) - (y * math.sin(az))rotatedY (x * math.sin(az)) (y * math.cos(az))rotatedZ zreturn (rotatedX, rotatedY, rotatedZ)def adjustPoint(point):Adjusts the 3D XYZ point to a 2D XY point fit for displaying onthe screen. This resizes this 2D point by a scale of SCALEX andSCALEY, then moves the point by TRANSLATEX and TRANSLATEY.return (int(point[X] * SCALEX TRANSLATEX),int(point[Y] * SCALEY TRANSLATEY))CUBE_CORNERS stores the XYZ coordinates of the corners of a cube.
The indexes for each corner in CUBE_CORNERS are marked in this diagram:0---1/| /|2---3 || 4-|-5|/ |/6---7
CUBE_CORNERS [[-1, -1, -1], # Point 0[ 1, -1, -1], # Point 1[-1, -1, 1], # Point 2[ 1, -1, 1], # Point 3[-1, 1, -1], # Point 4[ 1, 1, -1], # Point 5[-1, 1, 1], # Point 6[ 1, 1, 1]] # Point 7
# rotatedCorners stores the XYZ coordinates from CUBE_CORNERS after
# theyve been rotated by rx, ry, and rz amounts:
rotatedCorners [None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None]
# Rotation amounts for each axis:
xRotation 0.0
yRotation 0.0
zRotation 0.0try:while True: # Main program loop.# Rotate the cube along different axes by different amounts:xRotation X_ROTATE_SPEEDyRotation Y_ROTATE_SPEEDzRotation Z_ROTATE_SPEEDfor i in range(len(CUBE_CORNERS)):x CUBE_CORNERS[i][X]y CUBE_CORNERS[i][Y]z CUBE_CORNERS[i][Z]rotatedCorners[i] rotatePoint(x, y, z, xRotation,yRotation, zRotation)# Get the points of the cube lines:cubePoints []for fromCornerIndex, toCornerIndex in ((0, 1), (1, 3), (3, 2), (2, 0), (0, 4), (1, 5), (2, 6), (3, 7), (4, 5), (5, 7), (7, 6), (6, 4)):fromX, fromY adjustPoint(rotatedCorners[fromCornerIndex])toX, toY adjustPoint(rotatedCorners[toCornerIndex])pointsOnLine line(fromX, fromY, toX, toY)cubePoints.extend(pointsOnLine)# Get rid of duplicate points:cubePoints tuple(frozenset(cubePoints))# Display the cube on the screen:for y in range(HEIGHT):for x in range(WIDTH):if (x, y) in cubePoints:# Display full block:print(LINE_CHAR, end, flushFalse)else:# Display empty space:print( , end, flushFalse)print(flushFalse)print(Press Ctrl-C to quit., end, flushTrue)time.sleep(PAUSE_AMOUNT) # Pause for a bit.# Clear the screen:if sys.platform win32:os.system(cls) # Windows uses the cls command.else:os.system(clear) # macOS and Linux use the clear command.except KeyboardInterrupt:print(Rotating Cube, by Al Sweigart emailprotected)sys.exit() # When Ctrl-C is pressed, end the program. 在输入源代码并运行几次之后尝试对其进行实验性的修改。标有(!)的注释对你可以做的小改变有建议。你也可以自己想办法做到以下几点
修改CUBE_CORNERS和第 184 行的元组创建不同的线框模型如金字塔和扁平六边形。将CUBE_CORNERS的坐标增加1.5使立方体围绕屏幕中心旋转而不是围绕自己的中心旋转。
探索程序
试着找出下列问题的答案。尝试对代码进行一些修改然后重新运行程序看看这些修改有什么影响。
如果删除或注释掉第 208 到 211 行会发生什么如果把 184 行的元组改成((0, 1), (1, 3), (3, 2), (2, 0), (0,4), (4, 5), (5, 1))会怎么样
六十三、乌尔皇家游戏 原文http://inventwithpython.com/bigbookpython/project63.html 乌尔的皇家游戏是一个来自美索不达米亚的有 5000 年历史的游戏。考古学家在 1922 年至 1934 年间的挖掘过程中在现代伊拉克南部的乌尔皇家墓地重新发现了这款游戏。这些规则是根据游戏棋盘如图 63-1 所示和一块巴比伦泥板重建的它们类似于 Parcheesi。你需要运气和技巧才能赢。 图 63-1 :在乌尔皇家墓地发现的五块游戏板之一
两名玩家每人从家中的七个代币开始第一个将所有七个代币移动到目标位置的玩家获胜。玩家轮流掷出四个骰子。这些骰子是称为四面体的四角金字塔形状。每个骰子都有两个标记点这使得骰子有标记或无标记的机会均等。我们的游戏用硬币代替骰子硬币的头部作为标记点。玩家可以为出现的每一个标记点移动一格代币。这意味着他们可以在 0 到 4 个空格之间移动一个代币尽管他们最有可能掷出两个空格。
代币沿着图 63-2 中所示的路径行进。一个空间上一次只能存在一个代币。如果一个代币在共享中间路径上落在对手的代币上对手的代币会被送回家。如果一个代币落在中间的花方格上它就不会被落在上面。如果一个代币落在其他四个花牌中的任何一个上玩家可以再掷一次。我们的游戏将用字母X和O来代表代币。 图 63-2 :每个玩家的代币从他们的家到他们的目标的路径
在www.youtube.com/watch?vWZskjLq040I可以找到优图伯·汤姆·斯科特和大英博物馆馆长欧文·芬克尔讨论乌尔王族游戏的视频。
运行示例
当您运行royalgameofur.py时输出将如下所示
The Royal Game of Ur, by Al Sweigart
--snip--XXXXXXX .......Home Goalv ^
-----------------v-- --^-------
|*****| | | | |*****| |
|* * | |* * |
|****h| g| f| e| |****t| s|
--v----------------------------------^--
| | | |*****| | | | |
| * * |
| i| j| k|****l| m| n| o| p|
--^----------------------------------v--
|*****| | | | |*****| |
|* * | |* * |
|****d| c| b| a| |****r| q|
-----------------^-- --v-------^ vHome GoalOOOOOOO .......It is Os turn. Press Enter to flip...
Flips: H-H-H-H Select token to move 4 spaces: home quithome
O landed on a flower space and gets to go again.
Press Enter to continue...
--snip--工作原理
就像项目 43“曼卡拉”一样ASCII 艺术画游戏棋盘上的空格用字母a到t标注。掷骰子后玩家可以选择一个包含其代币的空间来移动代币或者他们可以选择home开始将代币从家中移到棋盘上。该程序将棋盘表示为一个字典其中键为a到t值为X和O用于标记或 用于空格。
此外这个字典有关键字x_home、o_home、x_goal和o_goal这些关键字的值是七个字符的字符串表示家庭和目标有多满。这些字符串中的X或O字符代表主场或球门的代币.代表空位置。displayBoard()函数在屏幕上显示这七个字符串。
The Royal Game of Ur, by Al Sweigart emailprotected
A 5,000 year old board game from Mesopotamia. Two players knock each
other back as they race for the goal.
More info https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Game_of_Ur
This code is available at https://nostarch.com/big-book-small-python-programming
Tags: large, board game, game, two-player
import random, sysX_PLAYER X
O_PLAYER O
EMPTY # Set up constants for the space labels:
X_HOME x_home
O_HOME o_home
X_GOAL x_goal
O_GOAL o_goal# The spaces in left to right, top to bottom order:
ALL_SPACES hgfetsijklmnopdcbarq
X_TRACK HefghijklmnopstG # (H stands for Home, G stands for Goal.)
O_TRACK HabcdijklmnopqrGFLOWER_SPACES (h, t, l, d, r)BOARD_TEMPLATE
{} {} 30\. Home Goalv ^
-----------------v-- --^-------
|*****| | | | |*****| |
|* {} * {} {} {} | |* {} * {} |
|****h| g| f| e| |****t| s|
--v----------------------------------^--
| | | |*****| | | | |
| {} {} {} * {} * {} {} {} {} |
| i| j| k|****l| m| n| o| p|
--^----------------------------------v--
|*****| | | | |*****| |
|* {} * {} {} {} | |* {} * {} |
|****d| c| b| a| |****r| q|
-----------------^-- --v-------^ vHome Goal
{} {} 48\. def main():print(The Royal Game of Ur, by Al SweigartThis is a 5,000 year old game. Two players must move their tokens
from their home to their goal. On your turn you flip four coins and can
move one token a number of spaces equal to the heads you got.Ur is a racing game; the first player to move all seven of their tokens
to their goal wins. To do this, tokens must travel from their home to
their goal:X Home X Goalv ^
----------v- -^----
|v | | ^| |
|v | | | | | | ^ |
v---------------------^-
|^ |
|v |
^---------------------v-
|^ | | | | | | v |
|^ | | v |
----------^- -v----^ vO Home O GoalIf you land on an opponents token in the middle track, it gets sent
back home. The **flower** spaces let you take another turn. Tokens in
the middle flower space are safe and cannot be landed on.)input(Press Enter to begin...)gameBoard getNewBoard()turn O_PLAYERwhile True: # Main game loop.# Set up some variables for this turn:if turn X_PLAYER:opponent O_PLAYERhome X_HOMEtrack X_TRACKgoal X_GOALopponentHome O_HOMEelif turn O_PLAYER:opponent X_PLAYERhome O_HOMEtrack O_TRACKgoal O_GOALopponentHome X_HOMEdisplayBoard(gameBoard)input(It is turn \s turn. Press Enter to flip...)flipTally 0print(Flips: , end)for i in range(4): # Flip 4 coins.result random.randint(0, 1)if result 0:print(T, end) # Tails.else:print(H, end) # Heads.if i ! 3:print(-, end) # Print separator.flipTally resultprint( , end)if flipTally 0:input(You lose a turn. Press Enter to continue...)turn opponent # Swap turns to the other player.continue# Ask the player for their move:validMoves getValidMoves(gameBoard, turn, flipTally)if validMoves []:print(There are no possible moves, so you lose a turn.)input(Press Enter to continue...)turn opponent # Swap turns to the other player.continuewhile True:print(Select move, flipTally, spaces: , end)print( .join(validMoves) quit)move input( ).lower()if move quit:print(Thanks for playing!)sys.exit()if move in validMoves:break # Exit the loop when a valid move is selected.print(That is not a valid move.)# Perform the selected move on the board:if move home:# Subtract tokens at home if moving from home:gameBoard[home] - 1nextTrackSpaceIndex flipTallyelse:gameBoard[move] EMPTY # Set the from space to empty.nextTrackSpaceIndex track.index(move) flipTallymovingOntoGoal nextTrackSpaceIndex len(track) - 1if movingOntoGoal:gameBoard[goal] 1# Check if the player has won:if gameBoard[goal] 7:displayBoard(gameBoard)print(turn, has won the game!)print(Thanks for playing!)sys.exit()else:nextBoardSpace track[nextTrackSpaceIndex]# Check if the opponent has a tile there:if gameBoard[nextBoardSpace] opponent:gameBoard[opponentHome] 1# Set the to space to the players token:gameBoard[nextBoardSpace] turn# Check if the player landed on a flower space and can go again:if nextBoardSpace in FLOWER_SPACES:print(turn, landed on a flower space and goes again.)input(Press Enter to continue...)else:turn opponent # Swap turns to the other player.def getNewBoard():Returns a dictionary that represents the state of the board. Thekeys are strings of the space labels, the values are X_PLAYER,O_PLAYER, or EMPTY. There are also counters for how many tokens areat the home and goal of both players.board {X_HOME: 7, X_GOAL: 0, O_HOME: 7, O_GOAL: 0}# Set each space as empty to start:for spaceLabel in ALL_SPACES:board[spaceLabel] EMPTYreturn boarddef displayBoard(board):Display the board on the screen.# Clear the screen by printing many newlines, so the old# board isnt visible anymore.print(\n * 60)xHomeTokens (X * board[X_HOME]).ljust(7, .)xGoalTokens (X * board[X_GOAL]).ljust(7, .)oHomeTokens (O * board[O_HOME]).ljust(7, .)oGoalTokens (O * board[O_GOAL]).ljust(7, .)# Add the strings that should populate BOARD_TEMPLATE in order,# going from left to right, top to bottom.spaces []spaces.append(xHomeTokens)spaces.append(xGoalTokens)for spaceLabel in ALL_SPACES:spaces.append(board[spaceLabel])spaces.append(oHomeTokens)spaces.append(oGoalTokens)print(BOARD_TEMPLATE.format(*spaces))def getValidMoves(board, player, flipTally):validMoves [] # Contains the spaces with tokens that can move.if player X_PLAYER:opponent O_PLAYERtrack X_TRACKhome X_HOMEelif player O_PLAYER:opponent X_PLAYERtrack O_TRACKhome O_HOME# Check if the player can move a token from home:if board[home] 0 and board[track[flipTally]] EMPTY:validMoves.append(home)# Check which spaces have a token the player can move:for trackSpaceIndex, space in enumerate(track):if space H or space G or board[space] ! player:continuenextTrackSpaceIndex trackSpaceIndex flipTallyif nextTrackSpaceIndex len(track):# You must flip an exact number of moves onto the goal,# otherwise you cant move on the goal.continueelse:nextBoardSpaceKey track[nextTrackSpaceIndex]if nextBoardSpaceKey G:# This token can move off the board:validMoves.append(space)continueif board[nextBoardSpaceKey] in (EMPTY, opponent):# If the next space is the protected middle space, you# can only move there if it is empty:if nextBoardSpaceKey l and board[l] opponent:continue # Skip this move, the space is protected.validMoves.append(space)return validMovesif __name__ __main__:main() 探索程序
试着找出下列问题的答案。尝试对代码进行一些修改然后重新运行程序看看这些修改有什么影响。
如果把 152 行的nextTrackSpaceIndex len(track) - 1改成nextTrackSpaceIndex 1会怎么样如果把 106 行的result random.randint(0, 1)改成result 1会怎么样如果把 184 行的board {X_HOME: 7, X_GOAL: 0, O_HOME: 7, O_GOAL: 0}改成board {}会导致什么错误
六十四、七段显示模块 原文http://inventwithpython.com/bigbookpython/project64.html 七段显示器是一种 LCD 组件用于在袖珍计算器、微波炉和其他小型电子设备中显示数字。通过 LCD 中七个线段的不同组合七段显示器可以表示数字 0 到 9。它们看起来像这样 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __| | | __| __| |__| |__ |__ | |__| |__||__| | |__ __| | __| |__| | |__| __|这个程序的好处是其他程序可以把它作为一个模块导入。项目 14“倒计时”和项目 19“数字钟”导入sevseg.py文件这样他们就可以使用它的getSevSegStr()函数。你可以在en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven-segment_display找到更多关于七段显示器和其他变化的信息。
运行示例
尽管它是一个模块当你直接运行程序时sevseg.py输出一个它产生的数字的示例演示。输出将如下所示
This module is meant to be imported rather than run.
For example, this code:import sevsegmyNumber sevseg.getSevSegStr(42, 3)print(myNumber)Will print 42, zero-padded to three digits:__ __
| | |__| __|
|__| | |__工作原理
getSevSegStr()函数首先创建一个包含三个字符串的列表。这些字符串表示数字的顶行、中间行和底行。第 27 行到第 75 行有一长串针对每个数字以及小数点和减号的if - elif语句这些语句将每个数字的行连接到这些字符串。这三个字符串在第 84 行用换行符连接在一起因此函数返回一个适合传递给print()的多行字符串。
Sevseg, by Al Sweigart emailprotected
A seven-segment number display module, used by the Countdown and Digital
Clock programs.
More info at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven-segment_display
This code is available at https://nostarch.com/big-book-small-python-programming
Tags: short, moduleA labeled seven-segment display, with each segment labeled A to G:
__A__
| | Each digit in a seven-segment display:
F B __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
|__G__| | | | __| __| |__| |__ |__ | |__| |__|
| | |__| | |__ __| | __| |__| | |__| __|
E C
|__D__|def getSevSegStr(number, minWidth0):Return a seven-segment display string of number. The returnedstring will be padded with zeros if it is smaller than minWidth.# Convert number to string in case its an int or float:number str(number).zfill(minWidth)rows [, , ]for i, numeral in enumerate(number):if numeral .: # Render the decimal point.rows[0] rows[1] rows[2] .continue # Skip the space in between digits.elif numeral -: # Render the negative sign:rows[0] rows[1] __ rows[2] elif numeral 0: # Render the 0.rows[0] __ rows[1] | |rows[2] |__|elif numeral 1: # Render the 1.rows[0] rows[1] |rows[2] |elif numeral 2: # Render the 2.rows[0] __ rows[1] __|rows[2] |__ elif numeral 3: # Render the 3.rows[0] __ rows[1] __|rows[2] __|elif numeral 4: # Render the 4.rows[0] rows[1] |__|rows[2] |elif numeral 5: # Render the 5.rows[0] __ rows[1] |__ rows[2] __|elif numeral 6: # Render the 6.rows[0] __ rows[1] |__ rows[2] |__|elif numeral 7: # Render the 7.rows[0] __ rows[1] |rows[2] |elif numeral 8: # Render the 8.rows[0] __ rows[1] |__|rows[2] |__|elif numeral 9: # Render the 9.rows[0] __ rows[1] |__|rows[2] __|# Add a space (for the space in between numerals) if this# isnt the last numeral and the decimal point isnt next:if i ! len(number) - 1 and number[i 1] ! .:rows[0] rows[1] rows[2] return \n.join(rows)# If this program isnt being imported, display the numbers 00 to 99.
if __name__ __main__:print(This module is meant to be imported rather than run.)print(For example, this code:)print( import sevseg)print( myNumber sevseg.getSevSegStr(42, 3))print( print(myNumber))print()print(...will print 42, zero-padded to three digits:)print( __ __ )print(| | |__| __|)print(|__| | |__ ) 在输入源代码并运行几次之后尝试对其进行实验性的修改。你也可以自己想办法做到以下几点
为数字创建新的字体比如使用五行和chr(9608)返回的块字符串。查看维基百科关于七段显示的文章了解如何显示字母然后将它们添加到sevseg.py。从en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixteen-segment_display学习十六段显示并创建一个十六段显示模块来生成该样式的数字。
探索程序
试着找出下列问题的答案。尝试对代码进行一些修改然后重新运行程序看看这些修改有什么影响。
如果将第 80、81 和 82 行的单空格字符串改为空字符串会发生什么如果将第 18 行的默认参数minWidth0改为minWidth8会发生什么
六十五、闪光地毯 原文http://inventwithpython.com/bigbookpython/project65.html 斯坦利·库布里克执导的 1980 年心理恐怖片《闪光》发生在闹鬼的远眺酒店。酒店地毯的六边形设计成为这部著名电影的标志性部分。地毯的特点是交替和连锁的六边形其催眠效果非常适合这样一部令人紧张的电影。这个项目中的短程序类似于项目 35“六边形网格”在屏幕上打印这个重复的图案。
注意这个程序使用原始字符串它在开始的引号前面加上小写的r这样字符串中的反斜杠就不会被解释为转义字符。
运行示例
当您运行shiningcarpet.py时输出将如下所示
_ \ \ \_/ ___ \ \ \_/ ___ \ \ \_/ ___ \ \ \_/ ___ \ \ \_/ ___ \ \ \_/ __\ \ \___/ _ \ \ \___/ _ \ \ \___/ _ \ \ \___/ _ \ \ \___/ _ \ \ \___/ _
\ \ \_____/ \ \ \_____/ \ \ \_____/ \ \ \_____/ \ \ \_____/ \ \ \_____/
/ / / ___ \_/ / / ___ \_/ / / ___ \_/ / / ___ \_/ / / ___ \_/ / / ___ \_
_/ / / _ \___/ / / _ \___/ / / _ \___/ / / _ \___/ / / _ \___/ / / _ \__
__/ / / \_____/ / / \_____/ / / \_____/ / / \_____/ / / \_____/ / / \___
_ \ \ \_/ ___ \ \ \_/ ___ \ \ \_/ ___ \ \ \_/ ___ \ \ \_/ ___ \ \ \_/ __\ \ \___/ _ \ \ \___/ _ \ \ \___/ _ \ \ \___/ _ \ \ \___/ _ \ \ \___/ _
\ \ \_____/ \ \ \_____/ \ \ \_____/ \ \ \_____/ \ \ \_____/ \ \ \_____/
/ / / ___ \_/ / / ___ \_/ / / ___ \_/ / / ___ \_/ / / ___ \_/ / / ___ \_
_/ / / _ \___/ / / _ \___/ / / _ \___/ / / _ \___/ / / _ \___/ / / _ \__
__/ / / \_____/ / / \_____/ / / \_____/ / / \_____/ / / \_____/ / / \___
_ \ \ \_/ ___ \ \ \_/ ___ \ \ \_/ ___ \ \ \_/ ___ \ \ \_/ ___ \ \ \_/ __\ \ \___/ _ \ \ \___/ _ \ \ \___/ _ \ \ \___/ _ \ \ \___/ _ \ \ \___/ _
\ \ \_____/ \ \ \_____/ \ \ \_____/ \ \ \_____/ \ \ \_____/ \ \ \_____/
/ / / ___ \_/ / / ___ \_/ / / ___ \_/ / / ___ \_/ / / ___ \_/ / / ___ \_
_/ / / _ \___/ / / _ \___/ / / _ \___/ / / _ \___/ / / _ \___/ / / _ \__
__/ / / \_____/ / / \_____/ / / \_____/ / / \_____/ / / \_____/ / / \___工作原理
创建这样的程序或类似的第三十五个项目并不是从编码开始而是在文本编辑器中绘制镶嵌形状。一旦你写出了图案你就可以把它切割成需要平铺的最小单元
_ \ \ \_/ __\ \ \___/ _
\ \ \_____/
/ / / ___ \_
_/ / / _ \__
__/ / / \___将这段文本复制并粘贴到源代码中后您可以围绕它编写程序的其余部分。软件不仅仅是坐下来从头到尾写代码。每个专业软件开发人员都要经历几次反复的修补、实验和调试。最终的结果可能只有九行代码但是一个小程序并不一定意味着花了很少的精力来完成它。
Shining Carpet, by Al Sweigart emailprotected
Displays a tessellation of the carpet pattern from The Shining.
This code is available at https://nostarch.com/big-book-small-python-programming
Tags: tiny, beginner, artistic# Set up the constants:
X_REPEAT 6 # How many times to tessellate horizontally.
Y_REPEAT 4 # How many times to tessellate vertically.for i in range(Y_REPEAT):print(r_ \ \ \_/ __ * X_REPEAT)print(r \ \ \___/ _ * X_REPEAT)print(r\ \ \_____/ * X_REPEAT)print(r/ / / ___ \_ * X_REPEAT)print(r_/ / / _ \__ * X_REPEAT)print(r__/ / / \___ * X_REPEAT) 探索程序
在实践中尝试创建如下模式
___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|
_|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|__
___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|
_|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|__
___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|
_|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|__(( )(( )(( )(( )(( )(( )(( )(( )(( )(( )(( )(( )))( ))( ))( ))( ))( ))( ))( ))( ))( ))( ))( ))(
(( )(( )(( )(( )(( )(( )(( )(( )(( )(( )(( )(( )))( ))( ))( ))( ))( ))( ))( ))( ))( ))( ))( ))(
(( )(( )(( )(( )(( )(( )(( )(( )(( )(( )(( )(( )))( ))( ))( ))( ))( ))( ))( ))( ))( ))( ))( ))(/ __ \ \__/ / __ \ \__/ / __ \ \__/ / __ \ \__/ / __ \ \__/
/ / \ \____/ / \ \____/ / \ \____/ / \ \____/ / \ \____
\ \__/ / __ \ \__/ / __ \ \__/ / __ \ \__/ / __ \ \__/ / __\____/ / \ \____/ / \ \____/ / \ \____/ / \ \____/ / \/ __ \ \__/ / __ \ \__/ / __ \ \__/ / __ \ \__/ / __ \ \__/
/ / \ \____/ / \ \____/ / \ \____/ / \ \____/ / \ \____
\ \__/ / __ \ \__/ / __ \ \__/ / __ \ \__/ / __ \ \__/ / __\____/ / \ \____/ / \ \____/ / \ \____/ / \ \____/ / \\__ \__ \__ \__ \__ \__ \__ \__ \__ \__
__/ \__/ \__/ \__/ \__/ \__/ \__/ \__/ \__/ \__/ \\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
__/ __/ __/ __/ __/ __/ __/ __/ __/ __/\__/ \__/ \__/ \__/ \__/ \__/ \__/ \__/ \__/ \__/
__/ / / / / / / / / /\__ \__ \__ \__ \__ \__ \__ \__ \__ \__
__/ \__/ \__/ \__/ \__/ \__/ \__/ \__/ \__/ \__/ \/ ___ \ ^ / ___ \ ^ / ___ \ ^ / ___ \ ^ / ___ \ ^ / ___ \ ^/ \ VVV / \ VVV / \ VVV / \ VVV / \ VVV / \ VVV
|() ()| |() ()| |() ()| |() ()| |() ()| |() ()|\ ^ / ___ \ ^ / ___ \ ^ / ___ \ ^ / ___ \ ^ / ___ \ ^ / ___
\ VVV / \ VVV / \ VVV / \ VVV / \ VVV / \ VVV /
)| |() ()| |() ()| |() ()| |() ()| |() ()| |() (
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